Imodeli Eqhubekayo Yokunisela Okonga Amanzi Esifundeni sase-Yuanmou
Umbono: Ikholomu "Izihloko Ezithrendayo" ekhasini eliyisiqalo lewebhusayithi ye-Development Asia ye-Asian Development Bank ikhiphe udaba lwephrojekthi ye-PPP yokonga amanzi ephumelelayo e-Yuanmou, e-Yunnan, okuhloswe ngayo ukwabelana ngendaba nolwazi lwamaphrojekthi e-PPP yase-China. namanye amazwe asathuthuka e-Asia.
Imodeli Eqhubekayo Yokunisela Okonga Amanzi Esifundeni sase-Yuanmou Iphrojekthi yobambiswano lukahulumeni nezinkampani ezizimele e-People's Republic of China ithuthukise ukukhiqizwa kwabalimi nemali engenayo ngokwakha uhlelo lokunisela oluhlakaniphile oludidiyelwe. Itholakala esigodini esishisayo somfula i-Jinshajiang, County Yuanmou esifundazweni sase-Yunnan e-People's Republic of China (PRC) ihlaselwe ukushoda kwamanzi okuvimbe inqubekelaphambili yezolimo wendawo futhi okuholele ekukhuleni kwezinqubo zokunisela ezingenasimeni. . Iphrojekthi yobambiswano lukahulumeni nezizimele (i-PPP) yakha inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa edidiyelwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kanye nokusetshenziselwa ukuchelela esifundeni futhi yathuthukisa uhlelo lokwenza ukusebenza kwayo kuqhubeke.Lolu hlelo lwathuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwamapulazi, lwakhuphula iholo labalimi, lwanciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi nezindleko. 2017 : Ukwethulwa Kwephrojekthi 2018-2038 : Isikhathi sokusebenza $44.37 million (￥307.7852 million) : Isamba Sezindleko Zomsebenzi Izikhungo / Ababambiqhaza Ihhovisi lamanzi laseYuanmou County I-Dayu Irrigation Group Co., Ltd. I-Dayu Irrigation Group Co., Ltd. Uhulumeni weRiphabhulikhi Yabantu baseShayina Abalimi bendawo kanye nabanye ababambiqhaza Isidingo sonyaka sokunisela e-Yuanmou singama-cubic metres angu-92.279 million (m³).Nokho, amanzi angu-66.382 million m³ kuphela atholakalayo unyaka ngamunye.Amaphesenti angama-55 kuphela amahektha angama-28,667 omhlaba olimekayo esifundeni oniselwa ngenkasa.Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu baseYuanmou befuna izixazululo kule nkinga yamanzi, kodwa uhulumeni wasekhaya unesabelomali esilinganiselwe namandla okwenza imizamo yokonga amanzi ngaphezu kwemiklamo yakhe yengqalasizinda ehleliwe. IYuanmou County isenyakatho neCentral Yunnan Plateau futhi ibusa amadolobha amathathu namalokishi ayisikhombisa.Umkhakha wayo omkhulu kunawo wonke owezolimo, futhi cishe u-90% wabantu bangabalimi.Lesi sifunda sicebile ngerayisi, imifino, umango, i-longan, ikhofi, izithelo ze-tamarind, nezinye izitshalo ezishisayo nezishisayo. Kunamadamu amathathu esifundeni, angasebenza njengemithombo yamanzi okunisela.Ngaphezu kwalokho, imali engenayo yonyaka nge-capita ngayinye yabalimi bendawo ingaphezu kuka-¥8,000 ($1,153) futhi inani lokukhiphayo elimaphakathi ngehektha ngalinye lidlula ¥150,000 ($21,623).Lezi zici zenza i-Yuanmou ifaneleke ngokwezomnotho ukuqaliswa kwephrojekthi yokuguqula ukongiwa kwamanzi ngaphansi kwe-PPP. Uhulumeni we-PRC ukhuthaza imboni ezimele ukuthi ibambe iqhaza ekutshalweni kwezimali, ekwakhiweni nasekusebenzeni kwamaphrojekthi okonga amanzi ngokusebenzisa imodeli ye-PPP njengoba lokhu kungase kunciphise umthwalo kahulumeni wezezimali nobuchwepheshe ekuletheni izinsiza zomphakathi ezingcono nangesikhathi. Ngokuthenga ngokuncintisana, uhulumeni wasekhaya waseYuanmou ukhethe i-Dayu Irrigation Group Co., LTD.njengozakwethu wephrojekthi ye-Water Bureau yakhe ekwakheni uhlelo lwenethiwekhi yamanzi yokuchelela emapulazini.U-Dayu uzosebenzisa lolu hlelo iminyaka engu-20. Le phrojekthi yakha uhlelo oludidiyelwe lwenethiwekhi yamanzi olunalezi zingxenye ezilandelayo: ·Amanzi athathwayo: Izinsiza ezimbili ezinamaleveli amaningi kumadamu amabili. ·Ukudluliswa kwamanzi: Ipayipi elikhulu elingamakhilomitha angama-32.33 (km) lokudluliswa kwamanzi ezindaweni zokudonsa amanzi kanye namapayipi amakhulu ahambisa amanzi angama-46 aqonde ngqo epayipini elikhulu anobude obungu-156.58 km. ·Ukusatshalaliswa kwamanzi: amapayipi amancane angama-801 okusabalalisa amanzi aqonde ngqo kumapayipi amakhulu okudlulisa amanzi anobude obungu-266.2 km, amapayipi amagatsha angama-901 okusabalalisa amanzi ngokuhambisana namapayipi amancane anobude obungu-345.33 km, kanye no-4,933 DN50 amamitha amanzi ahlakaniphile. ·Ubunjiniyela bepulazi: Inethiwekhi yamapayipi ngaphansi kwamapayipi egatsha okusabalalisa amanzi, ahlanganisa amapayipi asizayo angu-4,753 anobude obungu-241.73 km, amashubhu angu-65.56 million wamamitha, amapayipi okunisela nge-drip angamamitha ayizigidi ezingu-3.33, nama-dripper ayizigidi ezingu-1.2. ·Isistimu yolwazi yokonga amanzi ehlakaniphile: Uhlelo lokuqapha ukudluliswa nokusatshalaliswa kwamanzi, uhlelo lokuqapha ulwazi lwezezulu kanye nomswakama, ukuchelela okuzenzakalelayo okonga amanzi, kanye nesikhungo sokulawula uhlelo lolwazi. Le phrojekthi ididiyelwe amamitha amanzi ahlakaniphile, i-valve kagesi, uhlelo lokuphakela amandla, inzwa engenantambo, nemishini yokuxhumana engenantambo ukuze idlulisele ulwazi, njengokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ezitshalo, inani likamanyolo, inani lezibulala-zinambuzane, umswakama wenhlabathi, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukusebenza okuphephile kwamapayipi nokunye, esikhungweni sokulawula.Kwasungulwa uhlelo olukhethekile abalimi abangaludawuniloda futhi balufake kumaselula abo.Abalimi bangasebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza ukukhokha imali yamanzi futhi bafake amanzi avela esikhungweni sokulawula.Ngemva kokuqoqa ulwazi lokufakwa kwamanzi kubalimi, isikhungo sokulawula sihlela isimiso sokuphakelwa kwamanzi futhi sibazise ngokuthumela imiyalezo.Khona-ke, abalimi bangasebenzisa omakhalekhukhwini babo ukusebenzisa ama-valve okulawula asendaweni okunisela, umanyolo, nokufaka izibulala-zinambuzane.Manje sebengakwazi ukuthola amanzi uma bedingeka futhi bonge nezindleko zabasebenzi. Ngaphandle kokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda, iphrojekthi iphinde yethula idatha- kanye nezindlela ezisekelwe ezimakethe ukwenza uhlelo oludidiyelwe lwenethiwekhi yamanzi luzinze. Ukwabiwa kwamalungelo amanzi okuqala: Ngokusekelwe ophenyweni olunzulu nasekuhlaziyeni, uhulumeni ukhombisa isilinganiso sezinga lokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngehektha ngalinye futhi umisa uhlelo lokuthengiselana lwamalungelo amanzi lapho amalungelo amanzi angadayiswa khona. Intengo yamanzi: Uhulumeni ubeka inani lamanzi, elingase lilungiswe ngokusekelwe ekubalweni nasekugadweni ngemva kokulalelwa komphakathi kwe-Price Bureau. Ukukhuthaza ukonga amanzi kanye nezindlela zoxhaso ezihlosiwe: Uhulumeni usungula isikhwama somvuzo okonga amanzi ukuze anikeze abalimi isikhuthazo futhi axhase ukutshalwa kwerayisi.Khonamanjalo, kufanele kusetshenziswe uhlelo lokukhokhiswa okwengeziwe okuqhubekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe amanzi ngokweqile. Ukubamba iqhaza kwabantu abaningi: Umfelandawonye wokusetshenziswa kwamanzi, ohlelwe uhulumeni wasekhaya futhi owasungulwa ngokuhlanganyela yihhovisi lokuphatha amachibi, imiphakathi engu-16 namakomiti amadolobhana, endaweni enkulu yokunisela yaseYuanmou County usuthathe abasebenzisi bamanzi abangu-13,300 endaweni yephrojekthi njengamalungu okubambisana futhi iqoqe izigidi ezingu-￥27.2596 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-3.9296) ngokubhalisela ukwabelana okutshalwe ku-Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), inkampani engaphansi eyasungulwa ngokuhlanganyela yi-Dayu kanye nohulumeni wendawo wase-Yuanmou, enembuyiselo eqinisekisiwe enenani elincane elingu-4.95%.Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwabalimi kusiza ukuqaliswa kwephrojekthi futhi kuhlanganyele inzuzo ye-SPV. Ukuphathwa nokugcinwa kwephrojekthi.Le phrojekthi isebenzise amazinga amathathu okuphatha nokugcinwa kwawo.Imithombo yamanzi ehlobene nephrojekthi ilawulwa futhi inakekelwe yihhovisi lokuphatha amadamu.Amapayipi okudlulisa amanzi kanye nezinsiza zokulinganisa amanzi ahlakaniphile ukusuka ezikhungweni zokuthatha amanzi kuya kumamitha okuphela kwendawo aphethwe futhi anakekelwe yi-SPV.Khonamanjalo, amapayipi okunisela nge-drip ngemva kwamamitha okuphela kwensimu azakhela wona futhi alawulwa ngabasebenzisi abahlomulayo.Amalungelo empahla yephrojekthi acaciswa ngokomgomo othi “umuntu ungumnikazi walokho akutshalayo”. Le phrojekthi ikhuthaze ukushintshela ohlelweni lwesimanje lwezolimo olusebenza ngempumelelo ekongeni nasekukhuliseni ukusetshenziswa kahle kwamanzi, umanyolo, isikhathi, kanye nabasebenzi;nasekukhuliseni imali yabalimi. Ngobuchwepheshe be-drip ehlelekile, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi emapulazini kwenziwa ngempumelelo.Isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngehektha ngalinye sehlisiwe saba ngu-2,700–3,600 m³ sisuka ku-9,000–12,000 m³.Ngaphandle kokunciphisa umsebenzi womlimi, ukusetshenziswa kwamapayipi okuchelela nge-drip ukuze kufakwe umanyolo wamakhemikhali nezibulala-zinambuzane kuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo ngo-30%.Lokhu kunyuse ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo ngo-26.6% kwathi imali yabalimi yaba ngu-17.4%. Le phrojekthi iphinde yehlisa isilinganiso sezindleko zamanzi ehektheleni kuya ku-￥5,250 ($757) sisuka ku-￥18,870 ($2,720).Lokhu kukhuthaze abalimi ukuthi basuke ezitshalweni zesintu zokusanhlamvu baye ezitshalweni zemali ezibiza kakhulu njengezithelo zamahlathi ezomnotho, njengomango, ama-longan, amagilebhisi namawolintshi.Lokhu kunyuse imali engenayo ngehektha ngalinye ngaphezu kuka-￥75,000 yuan ($10,812). I-Special Purpose Vehicle, ethembele enkokhelweni yamanzi ekhokhelwa abalimi, kulindeleke ukuthi ibuyise izimali zayo ezitshaliwe eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kweyi-7.Inzuzo yayo ekutshalweni kwezimali ingaphezu kuka-7%. Ukuqapha okusebenzayo kanye nokulungiswa kwezinga lamanzi, imvelo, kanye nomhlabathi kugqugquzelwe ukukhiqizwa kwepulazi okunomthwalo wemfanelo kanye nokuluhlaza.Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wamakhemikhali nezibulala-zinambuzane kwancishiswa.Lezi zinyathelo zehlisa ukungcoliswa kwemithombo okungeyona indawo futhi zenza ezolimo zendawo zikwazi ukumelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukusebenzelana kwenkampani ezimele kuyasiza ekuguquleni indima kahulumeni isuke ekubeni “umsubathi” iye ekubeni “unompempe.”Ukuncintisana kwemakethe okugcwele kwenza ochwepheshe basebenzise ubuchwepheshe babo. Imodeli yebhizinisi yephrojekthi iyinkimbinkimbi futhi idinga ikhono eliqinile eliphelele lokwakhiwa nokusebenza kwephrojekthi. Iphrojekthi ye-PPP, ehlanganisa indawo enkulu, edinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphezulu, nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlakaniphile, ayigcini nje ukunciphisa ngokuphumelelayo ukucindezela kwezimali zikahulumeni zokutshala izimali zesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa futhi iqinisekisa ukuqedwa kokwakhiwa ngesikhathi kanye nokusebenza okuhle kokusebenza. Qaphela: I-ADB ibona “i-China” njenge-People's Republic of China. Isizindalwazi se-China Public Private Partnerships Center.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-30-2022 
